《台灣外來語》 |
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Beh mn̄g "siáⁿmi̍h sī Tâioân ê gōalâigí?" chìnchêng, lán engkai seng kóng "siáⁿmi̍h sī gōalâigí?" Engkok gígiân ha̍kka David Crystal(1941~ ) kóng, "Chiohsû (loan word) sī teh chí chi̍t chióng gígiân á·sī honggiân, i tùi lēnggōa chi̍t chióng gígiân á·sī honggiân chioh lâi súiōng ê gígiân tanūi." I só͘ kóng ê "chiohsû" to̍h sī lán itpoaⁿ sio̍k chheng ê "gōalâigí".
New Zealand gígiân ha̍kka Jack C. Richards(1943~ ) kóng, "Chiohsû(borrowing) sī teh chí tùi chi̍t chióng gígiân the̍h lâi ēng tī lēnggōa chi̍t chióng gígiân ê sû á·sī phiàngí ."
Ji̍tpún gígiân ha̍kka Arakawa Sōbee(1898~1995, 荒川惣兵衛=あらかわ そうべえ) tī i piantù ê “Ji̍tpún Gōalâigí tōa Sûtián”chiângiân kóng,"Chit pún sûtián só͘ kóng ê gōalâigí, sī teh chí íkeng ' kokgí hòa(nationalization), kasiōng íkeng ' tāichiòng hòa’, koh íkeng ' thongsio̍k hòa’(popularization) ê ōegí." I ê ìsù kahná sī kóng, hiahê íkeng iôngji̍p Ji̍tpún gí lāité, jîchhiáⁿ íkeng thongsio̍k hòa, koh hō͘ tāike só͘ chiapsiū ê, chiah sǹg sī gōalâigí.
Suijiân kóng gōalâigí sī "chiohsû", hiòng pa̍t ê gígiân chioh lâi súiōng ê, m̄koh in bô chhinchhiūⁿ kimchîⁿ á·sī mi̍hkiāⁿ ánne, ū chioh ū hêng, kohchài chioh to̍h bē lân. Goālâigí chiahê "chiohsû" sī chioh liáu bô hêng ê; tio̍hsǹg ū sim beh hêng mā bô hoattō͘ hêng, in’ūi chioh lâi súiōng liáu’āu, óngóng ē hông chhiat thâu siah bóe, á·sī cháu’im koh piàntiāu, liân "gôanchú" mā bē jīntit à, só͘í beh ánchóaⁿ hêng? Che ēsái kóng sī "gōalâigí" ê chi̍tê tōa te̍ksek.
Siáⁿmi̍h sī Tâioân ê gōalâigí? Góa kòjîn jīn’ûi, chioh’ēng gōalâi gígiân sú’iōng kú liáu’āu, íkeng chiâⁿchò Tâigí ê chi̍t pō͘hūn, sīmchì chin chē Tâioân lâng kinpún to m̄chai "i" sī chi̍t kù "gōalâigí". Phìjū kóng, Mákai bo̍ksu ū chi̍t nî tńgkhì Canada bō͘khóan kohchài tńglâi Tâioân ê sî, tòa lâi chin chē mi̍hkiāⁿ hō͘ i ê ha̍kseng, kîtiong ū chi̍t chióng mi̍hkiāⁿ hō͘ ha̍kseng the̍h khì chèng, khui hoe liáu’āu kiatchiâⁿ chi̍t tiâu chi̍t tiâu ê mi̍hkiāⁿ, Mákai bo̍ksu kà ha̍kseng ánchóaⁿ chú lâi chia̍h. Ha̍kseng chia̍hliáu chin hoaⁿhí, chiū mn̄g Mákai bo̍ksu he sī siáⁿmi̍h? Mákai bo̍ksu hôetap kóng, "bean". Ha̍kseng tōasiaⁿ kóng, "Oh, gôanlâi sī ' bíntāu’!" Chitmá, tōa pō͘hūn ê Tâioân lâng lóng kiò i "sùkùi tāu", hiahê chiósò͘ kiò i "bíntāu" ê lâng tiongkan, kantaⁿ koh khah chió sò͘ ê lâng chai’iáⁿ i sī chi̍t kù gōalâigí.
Beh問「啥物是台灣ê外來語?」chìn前,咱應該先講「啥物是外來語?」英國語言學家David Crystal(1941~ )講:「借詞(loan word)是teh指一種語言á是方言,它tùi另外一種語言á是方言借來使用ê語言單位。」伊所講ê「借詞」to̍h是咱一般俗稱ê「外來語」。
紐西蘭語言學家Jack C. Richards(1943- )講:「借詞(borrowing)是teh指tùi一種語言the̍h來用tī另外一種語言ê詞á是片語。」
日本語言學家荒川惣兵衛(1898~1995,あらかわ そうべえ,Arakawa sōbee)tī伊編著ê《日本外來語大辞典》前言講:「Chit本辭典所講ê外來語,是teh指已經『國語化』(nationalization),加上已經『大眾化』,koh已經『通俗化』(popularization)ê話語。」伊ê意思kah-ná是講,hiah-ê已經融入日本語內底,而且已經通俗化,koh hō͘大家所接受ê,chiah算是外來語。
雖然講外來語是「借詞」,向別ê語言借來使用ê,m̄-koh in無親像金錢á是物件án-ne,有借有還,koh再借to̍h bē難。外來語chiah-ê「借詞」是借了無還ê;tio̍h算有心beh還mā無法度還,因為借來使用了後,往往ē hông切頭削尾,á是走音koh變調,連「原主」mā bē認得à,所以beh án怎還?這ē-sái講是「外來語」ê一个大特色。
啥物是台灣ê外來語?我個人認為,借用外來語言使用久了後,已經成做台語ê一部分,甚至真chē台灣人根本都m̄知「它」是一句「外來語」。譬喻講,馬偕牧師有一年tńg去加拿大募款koh再tńg來台灣ê時,帶來真chē物件hō͘ 伊ê學生,其中有一種物件hō͘學生the̍h去種,開花了後結成一條一條ê物件,馬偕牧師教學生án怎煮來食。學生食了真歡喜,就問馬偕牧師he是啥物?馬偕牧師回答講:「bean」。學生大聲講:「Oh,原來是『敏豆』!」Chit-má,大部分ê台灣人lóng叫它「四季豆」,hiah-ê少數叫它「敏豆」ê人中間,kan-taⁿ koh khah少數ê人知影它是一句外來語。